Percepción de tiempo, salud mental en tiempos de pandemia por COVID-19 y cuarentenas / Perception of time and mental health during COVID-19 pandemic quarantines

Introducción: Debido a la pandemia por COVID-19 fue necesario implementar la cuarentena obligatoria, con el fin de contener la propagación del virus; situación que generó cambios en los estilos de vida y diversas respuestas que incluyen temor, ansiedad, monotonía e incertidumbre. Esto pudo alterar la capacidad en la percepción del tiempo de los individuos, y con ello afectar su salud mental. Objetivo: Sintetizar las bases neurológicas del fenómeno de percepción de tiempo, su importancia y la evidencia científica sobre posibles alteraciones en condiciones de cuarentena. Materiales y métodos: Revisión bibliográfica temática en bases de datos Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, y Google Scholar. Los términos de búsqueda en español e inglés incluyeron: percepción de tiempo, estimación de tiempo, pandemia, cognición, estados emocionales, salud mental. Resultados: Se describe el concepto de percepción del tiempo, sus bases neurológicas y las alteraciones que se pueden generar. Conclusión: La salud mental fue afectada por la pandemia, sin embargo, se desconoce con claridad la forma como se desarrolló dicha afectación a mediano y largo plazo.

Introduction: COVID-19 pandemic made it necessary to implement obligatory quarantine measures in order to contain viral spreading. This situation generated lifestyle changes and diverse responses such as fear, anxiety, monotony, and uncertainty. This affected the people's capacity to perceive time resulting in changes in mental health. Objective: Synthesize the neurological bases of the phenomenon of time perception, its importance and the scientific evidence regarding the possible alterations in the conditions of quarantine. Materials of methods: A thematic bibliographic review was carried out in Pubmed, Medline, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The Spanish and English keywords used were: perception of time, estimation of time, pandemic, cognition, emotional states, and mental health. Results: The concept of time perception, its neurological bases and the alterations that can be generated are described. Conclusions: Mental health was affected during pandemic, yet its effects in the short-term and long-term are not understood clearly.

Intervalos de tempo para processamento de materiais consignados de prótese total de quadril / Processing time of loaner items for total hip replacement / Intervalos de tiempo para el procesamiento de materiales consignados para prótesis total de cadera

Objetivo: Estimar os intervalos de tempo envolvidos no reprocessamento de materiais consignados temporários de prótese total de quadril em um centro de material e esterilização de um hospital privado de São Paulo (SP). Método: Estudo exploratório-descritivo, de campo, com abordagem quantitativa. A amostra foi composta de 41 processamentos de materiais consignados. Os intervalos de tempo foram registrados com auxílio de cronômetro digital, hora inicial e final de cada atividade. O cálculo amostral foi estimado com intervalo de confiança de 95%. Resultados: O tempo total do processamento teve mediana de 10 horas, o tempo efe-tivo total foi de 4,9 horas e o intervalo de tempo entre o fim do reprocessamento e o horário da cirurgia foi de 4,7 horas de antecedência. Houve cancelamento de uma cirurgia em virtude do atraso na entrega do material. Conclusão: Nesta pesquisa foram mensurados os tempos de reprocessamento de materiais consignados, sendo mantido o rigor metodológico em todas as etapas, com estimativas que respeitaram o intervalo de confiança, o que faz deste estudo passível de reprodução. Sugere-se que profissionais de outras instituições realizem tais mensurações, de modo que permitam a construção de indicadores, auxiliando enfermeiros na tomada de decisão.

Objective: To estimate the time intervals necessary to reprocess loaner items for total hip replacement in a sterile processing department of a private hospital in São Paulo (SP). Method: This is an exploratory, descriptive field study with a quantitative approach. The sample consisted of 41 processing cycles for loaner items. Intervals were recorded using a digital stopwatch, including the start and end times of each activity. Sample calculation was estimated with a 95% confidence interval. Results: Median total processing time was 10 hours, total effective time was 4.9 hours, and the interval between the end of reprocessing and the time of surgery was 4.7 hours in advance. One surgery was canceled due to delayed delivery of the item. Conclusions: This study measured the reprocessing times of loaner items, maintaining the methodological rigor at all stages, with estimates that respected the confidence interval, making this investigation reproduci-ble. We suggest that professionals from other facilities perform these measurements to allow the construction of indicators that can help nurses in decision-making.

Objetivo: Estimar los intervalos de tiempo involucrados en el reprocesamiento de materiales consignados temporalmente para reemplazo total de cadera en un Centro de Material y Esterilización de un hospital privado de São Paulo. Método: Estudio de campo exploratorio-descriptivo con enfoque cuantita-tivo. La muestra consistió en 41 procesamientos de materiales consignados. Los intervalos de tiempo se registraron con la ayuda de un cronómetro digital, hora de inicio y finalización de cada actividad. El cálculo del tamaño de la muestra se estimó con un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Resultados: El tiempo total de procesamiento tuvo una mediana de 10 horas; el tiempo efectivo total fue de 4,9 horas y el intervalo de tiempo entre el final del reprocesamiento y el momento de la cirugía fue de 4,7 horas antes. Se canceló una cirugía debido al retraso en la entrega del material. Conclusión: En esta investigación se midieron los tiem-pos de reprocesamiento de los materiales consignados, manteniendo el rigor metodológico en todas las etapas, con estimaciones que respetaron el intervalo de confianza, haciendo este estudio susceptible de reproducción. Se sugiere que profesionales de otras instituciones realicen dichas mediciones, de manera que per-mitan la construcción de indicadores, ayudando a las enfermeras en la toma de decisiones.

O papel da emoção na percepção de tempo: uma revisão sistemática / The role of emotion in time perception: a systematic review / El papel de la emoción en la percepción del tiempo: una revisión sistemática

O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi avaliar estudos empíricos publicados entre 2015 e 2019, que investigaram os efeitos da emoção sobre a percepção de tempo. Foram utilizados os descritores time perception e emotion nas bases de dados PubMed, BVS, PsycINFO e Science Direct. A análise de 31 artigos revelou a prevalência: (1) da tarefa de bissecção temporal, (2) da utilização de cenas visuais com emoções negativas, (3) da atenção e do nível de alerta presentes no Modelo Oscilador-Acumulador (MOA) para explicar os dados. A revisão revelou também a proposição de novos modelos teóricos, que necessitam ser investigados em pesquisas futuras.

The aim of this systematic review was to evaluate empirical studies published between 2015 and 2019, which investigated the effects of emotion on time perception. The descriptors "time perception" and "emotion" were used in the databases PubMed, BVS, PsycINFO and Science Direct. The analysis of 31 papers showed the prevalence of the (1) temporal bisection task, (2) use of visual scenes with negative emoticons, and (3) arousal and attention as components of Pacemaker-Accumulator (PA) model to explain the data. The review also revealed the proposition of new theoretical models, which need to be verified in future research.

El objetivo de esta revisión sistemática fue evaluar los estudios empíricos publicados entre 2015 y 2019, que investigaron los efectos de la emoción en la percepción del tiempo. Se utilizaron los descriptores time perception y emotion en las bases de datos PubMed, BVS, PsycINFO y Science Direct. El análisis de 31 artículos enseñó la prevalencia (1) tarea de bisección temporal, (2) uso de escenas visuales con emociones negativas, (3) el arousal y la atención como componentes del Modelo Oscilador-Acumulador para explicar los datos. La revisión también reveló la propuesta de nuevos modelos teóricos, que deben testarse en futuras investigaciones.

Perspectiva temporal: discussões sobre a aplicação do conceito na área da saúde e enfermagem / Time perspective: discussions on the application of the concept in the area of health and nursing / Perspectiva temporal: discusiones sobre la aplicación del concepto en el área de la salud y de la enfermería

Objetivo: discutir sobre a aplicação do construto da perspectiva temporal e os principais instrumentos de análise utilizados em estudos na área da saúde e da enfermagem. Conteúdo: a perspectiva temporal é uma das forças fundamentais na vida das pessoas e desempenha influência nos comportamentos, atitudes e decisões. Por ter forte influência nos comportamentos, o campo da saúde pode se beneficiar da sua aplicação. As dimensões temporais de passado, presente e futuro são usadas na codificação, armazenamento e recuperação de experiências vividas, inclusive de saúde e doença, fornecendo interpretações, estabelecendo metas e auxiliando a tomada de decisões. Conclusão: destaca-se a importância da influência da perspectiva temporal no comportamento relacionado à saúde, visto que a incorporação da avaliação da perspectiva temporal nas ações de cuidado à saúde também pode contribuir na prática da assistência, tanto para prevenção de comportamentos considerados prejudiciais, quanto para o desenvolvimento de comportamentos protetores para a saúde.

Objective: to discuss the application of the temporal perspective construct and the main analytical tools used in health and nursing studies. Content: the time perspective is one of the fundamental forces in people's lives and influences behavior, attitudes and decisions. Because it has a strong influence on behaviors, the field of health can be benefited with its application. The time dimensions of past, present and future are used in the codification, storage and retrieval of lived experiences, including health and illness, providing interpretations, setting goals and assisting in decision making. Conclusion: the importance of the time perspective's influence on health-related behavior is highlighted, since the incorporation of the temporal perspective evaluation into health care actions can also contribute to the practice of care, both for the prevention of behaviors considered harmful and for the development of protective behaviors for health. Descriptors: Time perception; health behavior; delivery of health care; nursing.

Objetivo: discutir la aplicación del construco de la perspectiva temporal y las principales herramientas analíticas utilizadas en los estudios de salud y enfermería. Contenido: la perspectiva del tiempo es una de las fuerzas fundamentales en la vida de las personas e influye en el comportamiento, las actitudes y las decisiones. Debido a que tiene una fuerte influencia en los comportamientos, el campo de la salud se puede beneficiar con su aplicación. Las dimensiones de tiempo del pasado, presente y futuro se utilizan en la codificación, almacenamiento y recuperación de experiencias vividas, incluida la salud y la enfermedad, proporcionando interpretaciones, estableciendo objetivos y ayudando en la toma de decisiones. Conclusión: se destaca la importancia de la influencia de la perspectiva del tiempo en el comportamiento relacionado con la salud, ya que la incorporación de la evaluación de la perspectiva temporal en las acciones de atención de la salud también puede contribuir a la práctica de la atención, tanto para la prevención de comportamientos considerados perjudiciales como para el desarrollo de comportamientos protectores para la salud.

Teste rápido molecular para tuberculose: da coleta ao início do tratamento / Prueba molecular para detección rápida de tuberculosis: de la recolección del material al inicio del tratamiento / Rapid molecular test for tuberculosis: from collection to beginning of the treatment

RESUMO Objetivo: identificar o tempo decorrido entre a coleta do material para teste rápido molecular e o início do tratamento para tuberculose em unidades que encaminharam amostras para processamento em Unidades centralizadoras. Método: estudo epidemiológico analítico desenvolvido em duas Unidades Básicas de Saúde em Belém-Pará. Foram coletados dados referentes a 296 casos novos com confirmação laboratorial, diagnosticados de dezembro de 2014 a dezembro de 2015. Na análise, utilizou-se o Teste U de Mann-Whitney, p-valor ≤ 0,05 para a correlação entre as variáveis. Resultados: não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa no tempo de liberação dos resultados de exames em Unidades Centralizadoras e Unidades que encaminharam exames para processamento. Quanto ao início do tratamento, houve diferença no tempo entre as unidades centralizadoras e as de abrangência. Conclusão: a centralização do processamento do Teste Rápido Molecular não interfere no tempo para diagnóstico e tratamento da tuberculose, mesmo com o encaminhamento das amostras entre os serviços.

RESUMEN: Objetivo: determinar el tiempo transcurrido desde que se recolecta el material para la prueba molecular rápida hasta que se inicia el tratamiento contra la tuberculosis en unidades que enviaron muestras para su procesamiento en Unidades Centralizadoras. Método: estudio epidemiológico y analítico desarrollado en dos Unidades Básicas de Salud de Belém-Pará. Se recolectaron datos referentes a 296 casos nuevos con confirmación de laboratorio, diagnosticados entre diciembre de 2014 y diciembre de 2015. En el análisis se utilizó la prueba U de Mann-Whitney, con un valor p≤ 0,05 para la correlación entre las variables. Resultados: no se registró ninguna diferencia estadísticamente significativa en el tiempo de emisión de los resultados de los exámenes entre las Unidades Centralizadoras y las Unidades que enviaron exámenes para su procesamiento. En relación con el inicio del tratamiento, sí se registró una diferencia de tiempos entre las Unidades Centralizadoras y las Unidades Básicas. Conclusión: centralizar el procesamiento de la Prueba Molecular para Detección Rápida de la Tuberculosis no interfiere en el tiempo de diagnóstico ni en el tratamiento, incluso considerando el envío de muestras entre servicios.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the time elapsed between the collection of material for rapid molecular testing and the start of treatment for tuberculosis in units that forwarded samples for processing in centralizing units. Method: An analytical epidemiological study carried out in two Basic Health Units in Belém-Pará. Data was collected referring to 296 new laboratory confirmed cases diagnosed from December 2014 to December 2015. In the analysis, the Mann-Whitney's U test, p-value ≤ 0.05, was used for the correlation between variables. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the time of release of the test results in the Centralizing Units and the Units that sent exams for processing. As for the start of treatment, there was a difference in time between the centralizing units and the coverage units. Conclusion: The centralization of the processing of the Rapid Molecular Test does not interfere with the time for diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis, even with the forwarding of samples between services.

Characterizing the pattern of rally times and complexes in school volleyball / Caracterização do padrão dos tempos de rallies e dos complexos no voleibol escolar

ABSTRACT This study aimed to characterize the pattern of rally times and complexes in school volleyball. A total of 52 matches were analyzed, all video recorded on a digital camera. Rally times were analyzed along with their intervals, and complexes as well as actions in the rallies were quantified and characterized. Results show that school volleyball has an interval time between rallies 2.5x higher than the rally time, characterizing it as an intermittent sport of short-length high intensity. Younger and female teams performed a lower number of complexes and actions, reducing the rally time, but had more interval times between rallies, promoting lower match density. The pattern of rally times, complex type frequencies and number of actions in volleyball are similar to those of high-performance game. It was also possible to observe that interval time did not change between rally times. However, they differ as to number of complexes per rally and to played time density for presenting longer rally times and shorter intervals. It is concluded that male Under-17 school volleyball has more similarities with the patterns of rallies and complexes as high-performance volleyball.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou caracterizar o padrão dos tempos de rally e dos complexos no voleibol escolar. Analisou-se 52 jogos, que foram gravados em filmadora digital. Avaliou-se os tempos de rallies e seus intervalos, a densidade do set, além de quantificar e caracterizar os complexos e as ações nos rallies. Os resultados mostram que o voleibol escolar exibe tempo de intervalo entre rallies 2,5x maior que o tempo de rally, caracterizando-o como um esporte intermitente de alta intensidade em curta duração. Equipes escolares mais jovens e femininas realizam menores números de complexos e de ações, reduzindo o tempo de rally, porém, elevam o tempo de intervalos entre rallies promovendo menor densidade de jogo. O voleibol escolar exibe padrão dos tempos de rallies, frequências dos tipos de complexos e número de ações similares aos de alto rendimento. Também verificou-se que o tempo de intervalo não altera entre os tipos de rallies. Todavia, diferem na quantidade de complexos por rally e na densidade de tempo jogado, devido apresentar maior tempo de rally e menor de intervalos. Conclui-se que o voleibol escolar Sub17 masculino exibe maiores similaridades nos padrões de rallies e complexos ao voleibol de alto rendimento.

Satisfacción y tiempo de espera de usuarios de establecimientos de salud peruanos: análisis secundario de ENSUSALUD 2014-2016 / Satisfaction and waiting time of users from peruvian health care centers: a secondary analysis of ENSUSALUD 2014-2016

Introducción: Los sistemas de salud requieren contar con evaluaciones acerca de la calidad de la entrega de los servicios en el Perú. Objetivo: Estimar los niveles de satisfacción y tiempo de espera en usuarios de servicios de salud públicos y privados peruanos. Métodos: Análisis secundario del cuestionario 1 de la Encuesta Nacional de Satisfacción de Usuarios en Salud (ENSUSALUD) 2014, 2015 y 2016. El tiempo de espera fue definido como los minutos que tomó desde que el usuario llegó al establecimiento de salud hasta que ingresó al consultorio médico. La satisfacción fue evaluada con la percepción del usuario. Resultados: Los niveles de satisfacción fueron: 70,1% (IC 95% 69,7%-71,2%); 73,7% (IC 95% 72,5%-74,9%); y 73,9% (IC 95% 72,6%-75,1%) para el 2014, 2015 y 2016, respectivamente. Los usuarios afiliados al Seguro Integral de Salud (2014: 67,7% y 2016: 67,6%) y Seguro Social de Salud (EsSalud) (2015: 67,2%) fueron los que presentaron menores porcentajes. Las regiones que presentaron incremento en la satisfacción fueron Cajamarca (2016-2014: 26%), La Libertad (2016-2014: 26%). La mediana del tiempo de espera fue de 60 (q1-q3: 30-120), 75 (q1-q3: 30-150) y 75 (q1-q3: 35-140) minutos, para los años 2014, 2015 y 2016, respectivamente. La demora en la atención fue el problema más frecuente identificado por los usuarios. Conclusiones: En los años 2014, 2015 y 2016, el 70,1%, 73,7% y 73,9% de los usuarios de los servicios de salud peruanos estuvieron satisfechos con la atención. Se debe considerar la heterogeneidad por territorios y entidad financiera. La mediana de tiempo de espera para la atención fue de 60 minutos.

Introduction: Health systems require evaluations about the quality of the delivery of services in Peru. Objective: Estimate the levels of satisfaction and waiting time in users of public and private peruvian health services. Methods: Secondary analysis of questionnaire 1 of the National Survey of Satisfaction of Users in Health (ENSUSALUD) 2014, 2015 and 2016. The waiting time was defined as the minutes it took since the user arrived at the health facility until he entered the doctor’s office. Satisfaction was evaluated with the user’s perception. Results: Satisfaction levels were: 70,1% (95% CI: 69,7%-71,2%), 73,7% (95% CI: 72,5%-74,9%) and 73,9% (IC 95%: 72,6%-75,1%) for 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The users affiliated to the Comprehensive Health Insurance (2014: 67,7%, and 2016: 67,6%) and Social Health Insurance (EsSalud) (2015: 67,2%) were those that presented lower percentages. The regions that showed an increase in satisfaction were Cajamarca (2016-2014: 26%), La Libertad (2016-2014: 26%). The median waiting time was 60 (q1-q3:30-120), 75 (q1-q3:30-150) and 75 (q1-q3: 35-140) minutes, for the years 2014, 2015 and 2016, respectively. The delay in the attention was the most frequent problem identified by the users. Conclusions: In 2014, 2015 and 2016, 70,1%, 73,7% and 73,9% of users peruvian health services were satisfied with the care. We should consider the heterogeneity by territories and financial entity. The median waiting time for care was 60 minutes.

Psycho-oncological intervention in haematopoietic progenitor cell transplant (HPT): effects of emotional impact / Intervención psicooncológica en trasplante de progenitores hematopoyéticos (TPH): efectos en el impacto emocional

The aim of this work has been to determine the repercussions a psycho-oncological program has on patients who need to undergo a haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HPT). We have studied two groups, an intervention group (n=21), formed with patients that have gone through the program of psycho-oncologic preparation previous to the transplant, and a control group (n=15), without psychological intervention. The program consists of four sessions: analysis and handling of the information, coping skills, management of stress, and preparation for the isolation. The results show that patients who receive the psychological intervention. appear to obtain minor levels in anxiety and depression and has a more adaptive perception of the passage of time and a more positive mood with more activity than the control group. However, such differences are not significant in the perception of the physical symptomatology as the amount of time in isolation increases.

El objetivo de este trabajo ha sido determinar las repercusión un programa de intervención psicooncológica sobre los pacientes candidatos a un Trasplante de Progenitores Hematopoyéticos (TPH). Participan dos grupos de pacientes, el grupo intervención (n=21), formado por los pacientes que han realizado el programa de intervención previo al trasplante, y un grupo de control (n=15), que no recibe la intervención pre-TPH. El programa consta de cuatro módulos: análisis y manejo de la información, habilidades de afrontamiento, control del estrés, y preparación familiar al aislamiento. Los resultados muestran que los pacientes que reciben la intervención psicológica obtienen niveles menores en ansiedad y depresión y tiene una percepción más adaptativa del paso del tiempo y un estado de ánimo más positivo, con más actividad que el grupo de control. Sin embargo, tales diferencias no son significativas en la percepción de la sintomatología física que aumenta con el paso del tiempo en aislamiento.

Sentidos de tempo livre para trabalhadores offshore / Meanings of free time for offshore workers

Resumo Este artigo apresenta resultados parciais da pesquisa que objetivou compreender quais os sentidos sobre tempo livre produzidos por trabalhadores offshore em seu cotidiano de trabalho. A pesquisa utilizou abordagem qualitativa, tendo como principal fonte de informação entrevistas compreensivas realizadas com trabalhadores de ambos os gêneros da Bacia de Campos/Rio de Janeiro. Foi possível consolidar dois eixos de análise: os tempos lá, relativos à vida dos trabalhadores quando estão embarcados nas plataformas de petróleo, e os tempos cá, referentes à sua vida em terra. Foram discutidos elementos substanciais acerca da vida cotidiana dos trabalhadores no período do embarque e as relações temporais concebidas em seu cotidiano de trabalho. Concluiu-se que as experiências temporais vivenciadas pelos trabalhadores offshore são intensas e pautadas na produção, enquanto os sentidos de tempo livre são de descanso e recuperação da força de trabalho.

Abstract This article reports the partial results of a research that was aimed at understanding the meanings of free time attributed by offshore workers in their daily work. The qualitative approach was adopted for the research, which was carried out based on comprehensive interviews conducted with workers of Bacia de Campos (a coastal sedimentary basin of the Northern region of the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil). Two major aspects were analyzed: the time there, referring to the lives of workers while on board of offshore oil platforms and the time here, referring to their lives while on land. Substantial elements of the daily life of workers during their time on the platform and the temporal relationships established in their daily work were discussed. It was concluded that the temporal experiences of offshore workers are based on production, whereas free time means rest period and time to recover from the efforts and restore energy to continue the work.

Time perception-based modification of PageRank Algorithm / 中华医学图书情报杂志

The scientificalness of page quality assessment was improved by adding the page vote fraction and the user satisfaction with page according to the time perception-based PageRank Algorithm. The individualized retrieval was realized by adding the users-interested model that was matched with page types and by moving up the users-interested page rank.

Efeito da estimulação transcraniana por corrente continua (ETCC) no córtex préfrontal dorsolateral sobre a reprodução de intervalo de tempo / Effect of Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on dorsolateral prefrontal cortex on reproduction of time

Existem evidências que apontam para a importância do córtex préfrontal dorsolateral (CPFDL) na percepção de intervalos de tempo. A ETCC (eletroestimulação transcraniana por corrente contínua) modula a excitabilidade cortical, podendo ser utilizada para influenciar o desempenho de diferentes funções cerebrais, como a estimativa de tempo. Nosso objetivo foi avaliar o efeito da estimulação do CPFDL direito e esquerdo sobre a reprodução de intervalos de tempo. 26 indivíduos foram submetidos a estimulação transcraniana de 2mA no CPFDL por 20 min (anódica, catódica ou sham). Em seguida, participaram de uma tarefa de reprodução de intervalos de tempo de 4 e 8 segundos. Através de ANOVA para medidas repetidas para os fatores estimulação (anódica, catódica, sham), Intervalos (4s e/ou 8s) e local (esquerdo e direito), pudemos observar que a estimulação anódica do CPFDL do hemisfério direito resultou em subestimativa maior no intervalo de 4 segundos, enquanto o uso de corrente catódica sobre o CPFDL esquerdo provocou uma superestimativa do tempo para o intervalo de 4 segundos. Nossos resultados corroboram a importância do CPFDL direito na percepção de tempo. Ainda, o efeito assimétrico observado é interessante, confirmando que o CPFDL esquerdo está associado às funções executivas, importantes na percepção de tempo.

There is evidence supporting the importance of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) in the perception of time. The tDCS (transcranial direct current stimulation) modulates cortical excitability and can be applied to influence the performance of different brain functions, such as timing. Our objective was to evaluate the effect of stimulation of right and left DLPFC on a task of production of time. 26 patients underwent transcranial stimulation of 2mA over the DLPFC for 20 min (anodic, cathodic or sham). Then they participated in a reproduction task of 4 and 8 seconds. Through ANOVA for repeated measures for stimulating factors (anode, cathode, sham), intervals (4S and / or 8s) and location (left and right), we observed that the anodic stimulation of the right DLPFC resulted in greater underestimation in 4-seconds interval, while the use of cathodic current on the left DLPFC caused an overestimation of 4-seconds interval. Our results confirm the importance of the right DLPFC in the perception of time. Furthermore, the observed asymmetric effect is interesting, confirming that the left DLPFC is associated with the executive, important roles in perception of time.

Volver a pensar en salud: programas y territorios / Thinking about health once again: programs and territories

RESUMEN Este artículo, de naturaleza conceptual, discute desde la teoría crítica la lógica programática en el campo sociosanitario como una respuesta técnica sin preguntas, frente a los territorios entendidos como espacios con preguntas a la espera de traducciones. El propósito es poner en discusión la lógica programática, herencia de la planificación y expresión de la razón instrumental, para desde allí discutir la concepción temporo-espacial como eje para pensar y actuar frente a la complejidad de lo social, reconociendo otros saberes y prácticas. Las preguntas, las respuestas, los saberes y el hacer en el campo sociosanitario constituyen los ejes de la reflexión sustentada en conceptos que buscan desarmar el proyecto ideológico que representan los programas mediante el análisis de su base científica (componente epistemológico de la técnica), que es antagónico a cualquier proyecto de emancipación.

ABSTRACT This article, of a conceptual nature, uses critical theory to discuss the programmatic logic within the sociosanitary field as a technical answer without any questions, provided to territories or spaces with questions awaiting translation. The purpose is to put programmatic logic, which is the legacy of public health planning and an expression of instrumental reason, into discussion, and in this way examine the temporal-spatial conception as an axis for thinking and acting within the complexity of the social world, recognizing other knowledge and practices. The questions, answers, knowledge and actions in the sociosanitary field constitute the focus of a reflection rooted in concepts that seek to deconstruct the ideological project represented by health programs through an analysis of their scientific basis (the epistemological component of the technical), which is antagonistic to any emancipatory project.

Time perception and age / Percepção do tempo e idade

ABSTRACT Our internal clock system is predominantly dopaminergic, but memory is predominantly cholinergic. Here, we examined the common sensibility encapsulated in the statement: “time goes faster as we get older”. Objective To measure a 2 min time interval, counted mentally in subjects of different age groups. Method 233 healthy subjects (129 women) were divided into three age groups: G1, 15-29 years; G2, 30-49 years; and G3, 50-89 years. Subjects were asked to close their eyes and mentally count the passing of 120 s. Results The elapsed times were: G1, mean = 114.9 ± 35 s; G2, mean = 96.0 ± 34.3 s; G3, mean = 86.6 ± 34.9 s. The ANOVA-Bonferroni multiple comparison test showed that G3 and G1 results were significantly different (P < 0.001). Conclusion Mental calculations of 120 s were shortened by an average of 24.6% (28.3 s) in individuals over age 50 years compared to individuals under age 30 years.

RESUMO Nosso sistema de relógio interno é predominantemente dopaminérgico, mas a memória é predominantemente colinérgica. Neste estudo, examinamos a assertiva comum que “o tempo passa mais rápido para pessoas mais velhas”. Objetivo Medir o intervalo de tempo 2 min contados mentalmente em pessoas de diferentes faixas etárias. Método 233 pessoas saudáveis (129 mulheres) foram divididos em três grupos: G1, 15-29 anos; G2, 30-49 anos; e G3, 50-89 anos. Foi solicitado que contassem mentalmente, com os olhos fechados, a passagem de 120 s. Resultados Os tempos aferidos foram: G1, média = 114,9 ± 35 s; G2, média = 96,0 ± 34,3 s; G3, média = 86,6 ± 34,9 s. A comparação entre os tempos de G3 e G1 (teste de comparação múltipla ANOVA-Bonferroni) foi muito significante (P < 0,001). Conclusão Cálculo mental de 120 s foi encurtado em média 24,6% (28,3 s) em pessoas maiores que 50 anos quando comparado com pessoas menores que 30 anos.

Modelos de percepção do tempo: um novo paradigma para o fisioterapeuta / Time perception models: a new paradigm for the physical therapist

A percepção do tempo é subjetiva e relativa, além de modulada por aspectos neurofuncionais como a emoção, memória e atenção, e está alterada em algumas patologias neuropsiquiátricas. Entretanto, ainda existe muita discussão sobre quais modelos de percepção do tempo são mais aceitáveis e como estão envolvidos nas doenças neurológicas. Desse modo, o conhecimento do fisioterapeuta sobre a percepção do tempo e seus modelos é um fator que pode direcionar ao tratamento do paciente, pois há uma ativação de áreas corticais na percepção do tempo que também são envolvidas na motricidade. Um modelo geral de processamento de informação temporal deve comportar um oscilador, acumulador e comparador dos dados obtidos com a memória. No entanto, as bases neurofisiológicas dos mecanismos de percepção do tempo ainda não são totalmente determinadas, existindo modelos que apontam a existência de um mecanismo neural único ou a de vários dispositivos especializados em diferentes escalas. Embora as mudanças na percepção do tempo não caracterizem uma doença, diversos comprometimentos neurológicos podem acometer a percepção temporal. Apesar dos esforços não se pode concluir sobre quais áreas desempenham a função temporizadora, apenas inferir por meio de experimentos realizados em animais e humanos. (AU)

The time perception is subjective, relative and modulated by neurofunctional aspects such as emotion, memory and attention. This is altered in some neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is still much debate about which time perception models are more acceptable and how they are involved in neurological diseases. Thus, the physical therapist knowledge of time perception and its models is a factor that can direct the patient treatment, as there is activation in cortical areas which are also involved in motor function. A general model temporal information processing must contain an oscillator, accumulator and comparator data obtained from the memory. However, the neurophysiology of time perception mechanisms are still not fully determined, models exist which indicate the existence of a single neural mechanism or various specialized devices with different scales. Although the change in the time perception does not characterize a disease, various neurological impairments can affect time perception. Despite efforts cannot conclude on areas which perform the timer function, only inferred through performed in animal and human experiments. (AU)

Dysfunction of Time Perception in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

OBJECTIVES: Children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may have deficits in time perception, as assessed by the time estimation task and the time reproduction task, however its age-related trajectory is not yet determined. Therefore we examined the correlation between accuracy of time perception tasks and age, and the association between accuracy of estimation tasks and reproduction tasks. METHODS: Sixty-three patients with ADHD, aged 8 to 18 years tested the tasks for five time durations (2, 4, 12, 45, and 60 seconds). Accuracy of tasks was assumed differences (absolute values) between raw results of tasks and original time durations. Spearman's correlation analysis was performed to determine correlation between accuracy of time perception tasks and age. Multivariate regression was used to determine the association of accuracy of estimation tasks with accuracy of reproduction tasks. RESULTS: Age showed correlation with accuracy of estimation tasks, but not with that of reproduction tasks. We observed that the higher the accuracy in 12, 45, and 60 seconds duration time reproduction, the higher the accuracy in longer seconds duration time estimation. CONCLUSION: Age was correlated with time estimation accuracy whereas there was no impact on time reproduction accuracy. Association of each of the two time perception tasks, particularly in longer time duration, suggested specific impairments in time perception.

Subjective time perception is affected by different durations of exposure to abstract paintings that represent human movement

Time perception can be affected by real emotional pictures of people that evoke different levels of arousal. Figurative artwork images of body postures that imply movement with different intensities and evoke different levels of arousal can modulate the perception of time. The present study investigated whether abstract paintings that represent motion in different ways affect the perception of time when subjects are exposed to the paintings for different durations. Undergraduate students observed 20 abstract paintings from different artistic schools (i.e., cubism, constructivism, expressionism, and futurism). They observed for 3 s each painting and estimated the time of exposure (reproduction method). After the time estimations, the subjects completed different semantic Movement, Arousal, Complexity, and Recognition scales to obtain information about how the painting compositions were perceived. Time distortions were observed for only two cubist paintings that represented human forms, which were related to both evoked arousal and implied movement (Experiment 1). Experiment 2 further verified whether these time distortions were related to implied movement perception or arousal. Different groups of participants were exposed for 3 and 9 s to only four cubist paintings that represented human forms. These time exposures (3 and 9 s) were used because the arousal-evoking effects may be transient for exposure times that are longer than 2-3 s. The data analysis revealed overestimation of time for the cubist painting that had greater arousal and movement scores only when the subjects were exposed for 9 s, showing that implied movement in abstract human figures is more effective than images with emotional content. We discuss the effect of durations of exposure to pictorial characteristics of artwork on time perception, emphasizing aspects of the visual perception of human forms in cubist paintings and arousal effects in an aesthetic episode.

Percepción del tiempo biográfico en la cuarta edad: un estudio de casos / Perception of biographical time in the fourth age: cases study

Debido a que la vida humana transita sobre un eje temporal irreversible, el paso del tiempo, nos enfrenta a la idea de finitud. A medida que las personas envejecen se modifica tanto la percepción del tiempo como la idea de muerte propia. Con el objetivo de indagar los cambios relativos a la propia temporalidad, el presente estudio analiza trayectorias biográficas de personas de la cuarta edad. El análisis se aborda a partir de tres ejes: proyectos vitales, organización de la vida cotidiana y cambios corporales. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo exploratorio a partir de 23 entrevistas biográficas que conformaron una muestra intencional integrada por personas autoválidas, nacidas entre los años 1917 y 1932, pertenecientes a distintos niveles socioeconómicos y residentes en el Área Metropolitana de Buenos Aires, Argentina. Los resultados sugieren que, para las personas de cuarta edad, la perspectiva temporal es acotada. Se evidencia un descentramiento del sí mismo y una preocupación por la trascendencia y la continuidad (simbólica y biológica) ambas ligadas a la abuelidad.

Since human life passes through an irreversible time axis, the passage of time makes us face with the idea of finiteness. As people age there is a change in their time perception and in the idea of their own death. With the aim of studying the changes related to their own temporality, this study analyses biographical trajectories of people in the fourth age. The analysis is based on three pillars: vital projects, organization of everyday life and bodily changes. An exploratory qualitative study was carried out based on 23 biographical interviews that constituted an intentional sample of self-validated persons, born between 1917 and 1932, from different socio-economic status and residing in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Results suggest that for people in their fourth age, time perception is narrow. There is a decentering of oneself and a concern about transcendence and continuity (symbolic and biological) both related to grandparantage.

Percepción del tiempo: resultados de una intervención grupal breve para el cambio del perfil temporal / Time perception: results of a brief group intervention to change time perspective profiles

La teoría de la perspectiva del tiempo de Zimbardo (1999) plantea una clasificación de las dimensiones de la orientación temporal, medidas con el Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI), la cual propone, por una parte, que si se tiene una actitud positiva y moderada hacia el pasado, el presente y el futuro, se puede desarrollar mayor bienestar y buena salud tanto mental como física, mientras que actitudes negativas o extremas reflejarían pautas de vida poco saludables. El principal objetivo de esta investigación es evaluar el efecto de una intervención grupal breve para la modificación del perfil temporal. Para este fin, se realizó un estudio cuasiexperimental con grupo control en una muestra de 28 estudiantes universitarios; 14 de ellos formaron el grupo experimental y 14 formaron el grupo control. Los resultados muestran que la intervención realizada al grupo experimental modificó la orientación temporal de los participantes hacia un perfil equilibrado. Para terminar, se concluye que, con una intervención breve y grupal que potencie un pasado positivo y un futuro y un presente más saludables, es posible lograr un perfil equilibrado. Posteriores estudios podrían evaluar el impacto de la modificación del perfil temporal en población clínica.

Zimbardo's time perspective theory (1999) provides a classification of the dimensions of time perspective, which can be measured with the Zimbardo Time Perspective Inventory (ZTPI). This inventory proposes that if people have a positive and balanced attitude toward the past, present, and future, they can develop greater well-being and good mental and physical health. A negative attitude can reflect unhealthy life patterns. The main aim of this study was to assess the effect of a brief group intervention to modify time perspective profiles. Research was conducted under a quasi-experimental design with a control group. The sample included 28 university students, 14 in the experimental group and 14 in the control group. The results show that intervention in the experimental group modified the time perspective of each participant toward a balanced time perspective profile. In conclusion, a balanced time perspective profile can be achieved with a brief group intervention that seeks to favor a positive past and a healthier present and future. Further studies should assess the impact of modifying time perspective among the clinical population.

Più mosso: Fast self-motion makes cyclic action faster in virtual reality / Più mosso (más rápido): el automovimiento rápido acelera la acción cíclica en la realidad virtual

Visually induced self-motion (vection) affects the speed at which actions are performed. However, it has been unclear whether this speedy action induced by vection is based on the modulation of mental tempo. To clarify this issue, we tested whether the speed of vection influenced an observer's cyclic action related to mental tempo. Observers viewed fast and slow moving optic flow stimuli and dynamic random dots, whilst handclapping at their preferred tempo. The results revealed that the clapping rate was the fastest in the fastest optic flow condition. This effect vanished when optic flow stimuli moved fast but did not induce vection. Fast optic flow stimuli also induced larger pupil dilation, suggesting that it increased the observer's arousal level. These results suggest that illusory self-motion increased arousal levels, thereby modulating mental tempo.

El automovimiento inducido visualmente (vección) afecta a la velocidad con la cual se llevan a cabo las acciones. Sin embargo, no se ha establecido con claridad si esta rápida acción inducida por la vección se basa en la modulación del tempo mental. Con el fin de clarificar este tema, llevamos a cabo pruebas que apuntaban a determinar si la velocidad de la vección afecta a las acciones cíclicas de un observador, en relación con el tempo mental. Los observadores se enfrentaron a estímulos de flujo óptico de movimiento rápido y lento, así como puntos aleatorios dinámicos, a medida que aplaudían al ritmo que prefirieran. Los resultados revelan que la frecuencia de los aplausos era la más rápida bajo la condición de flujo óptico más rápido. Dicho efecto desapareció cuando los estímulos de flujo óptico se movían rápidamente, pero no indujo vección. Los estímulos de flujo óptico rápido también indujeron dilatación de la pupila; esto sugiere que se aumentó el nivel de alerta, incrementando a su vez el tempo mental.

Body movement implied by static images modulates eye movements and subjective time estimation

The present study investigated the influence of body movement implied by artwork on time estimation and its relationship with eye movement. In Experiment 1, the participants were presented with static photographic images of Edgar Degas sculptures that implied different movements. The participants were asked to estimate their exposure times. Overestimation was found for the dancer who represented the greater movement. Eye movements were more directed to legs and arms in the ballerina that implied more movement, indicating more dynamic eye movements for this dancer, which was also overestimated. Experiment 2 further investigated whether this effect was specific to body representation or whether it was linked to the perceptual feature of the images. The participants were presented with drawings that mimicked global shapes (lines) of the Degas sculptures. Differences in time estimation were not obtained under this experimental condition. The results suggest an embodied perception of body movement that modulates eye movements and time estimation...